Cortisol

Functions

The adrenal glands, small pyramid-shaped glands above the kidneys, produce cortisol, a steroid hormone. Since its release increases in response to physical or mental stressWhat is stress? From a clinical perspective, stress is a phy... More, it is also known as the stress hormone. Cortisol performs a range of tasks in the human body:

1. Managing stress. Cortisol is responsible for the stress response. It is released into the bloodstream during stressful situations to prepare the body to react. It increases energy availability by raising blood sugar levels and promoting the conversion of proteins into glucose. Additionally, cortisol temporarily suppresses the immune system so that the body can focus on the stress response.
2. Metabolism control. Cortisol regulates the body’s metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It increases glucose production and prevents peripheral tissues from using glucose, helping maintain adequate blood sugar levels. This helps the body maintain energy during stressful times.
3. Preventing inflammation. Cortisol also has anti-inflammatory properties. It reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines and the migration of immune cells to inflamed areas, hindering the immune system’s inflammatory response. This can be beneficial in treating inflammatory conditions.
4. Circadian rhythm control. Cortisol levels are higher in the morning and lower at night, following the circadian rhythm. This regulation helps maintain a normal sleep cycle by controlling both sleep and wakefulness.

Associated conditions

High cortisol levels in the body can be linked to a variety of medical conditions:

• Cushing’s syndrome: a condition in which the body produces excess cortisol. It can cause weight gain, high blood pressure, bone fragility, sleep problems, and changes in physical appearance.
• Adrenal insufficiency: a disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol. It can cause fatigue, weight loss, muscle weakness, low blood pressure, and metabolic problems.
• Chronic stress: sleep disturbances, digestive problems, immune system impairment, and mood disorders can be associated with prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels due to chronic stress.

Cortisol is an essential hormone that regulates metabolism, stress, and the immune system. High or low cortisol levels may indicate disease. To ensure proper body function, it is crucial to maintain optimal cortisol balance.